Is Bottled Water Better Than Tap Water Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Bottled Water Better Than Tap Water Environmental Sciences Essay Dark clouds of bottled water industry are spreading over the minds of innocent US consumers day by day. These clouds pour drops of rain that is washing brains and pockets of consumers together. Bottled water industry, as the name suggest, is an industry that is selling a free gift of nature very efficiently. According to Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), more than half of the US population drinks bottled water. The consumers are not just rich white Americans, but also low income Hispanics, Blacks and Asians (NRDC). The sales of bottled water are increasing regularly making it the second most ever consumable drink after soda after soda, says Elizabeth Royte, an American author, in her book Bottlemania (67). This enormous sale of bottled water tries to prove that it is a consumer choice product. People, who are drinking bottled water, view bottled water as a regular consumption product. However, the reality is otherwise. This really simple product has remarkably concurred the m inds of consumers by making them believe that it is the purest form of drinkable water with no negative effects. Thirst stricken consumers have easily fallen into the pit created by bottled water industry. This industry is not only affecting the minds of people, but is also hurting our environment. Royte analyzed the bottling plants in different regions of the US and concluded that these industries are sucking water from small towns by forcefully owning someones private property making the water level to decrease other water reservoirs of those areas (256). One more problem that comes in clinging with these small bottles is the recycling issue. Only a small percentage of these bottles get recycled and the rest is dumped into landfills (Royte 34). Overall, bottled water industry is a culprit of effecting environmental and human health. How people feel about the safety between using bottled water instead of tap water depends on the degree to which they have internalized the ideology of the society. The well-known American Attorney, Gerry Spence discusses ideological control in his article, Easy in the Harness: The Tranny of Freedom. He says that people have been so controlled by the ideology of society, that it has become very difficult for them to make truly free decision. Spences contention is clearly demonstrated in those who believe that usage of bottled water is far healthier and safe than tap water. According to Naideinko, a medical surveyor and a writer, bottled water is also a very much leading cause of spreading number of harmful diseases, in some cases fatal including cancerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In other words, bottled water can be totally revese of being healthier. Tap was a major channel that provided people with drinking water throughout the world until in 1977, when bottled water was introduced says Elizabeth Royte , an American author, in her interview with Ira Flatow, a National public radio host that it was the first branded packaged water in the US. It started as a fashion symbol, and led its way to a health savior (Royte). This journey of bottled water from a fancy commodity to a necessity seems to be a very difficult one because buying something that is available almost for free does not make sense. Think about paying for oxygen. If a company claims to sell pure and pollution free oxygen in plastic cans, would anyone like to buy it? This question is of course ridiculous. So, after looking at the sale of bottled water one question strikes the wires of mind is that how bottled water became a business when tap water is available almost for free. Anne Leonard, an environmental activist, says in her online video, The Story of Bottled Water that it (sale of bottled water) all started when soda companies felt that their business is falling. They, in order to keep up their business, made a unique decision that is selling water. They labeled in Perrier and started selling it. It was not an easy goal. So they used marketing demand (Leonard). Further, She adds that bottled water companies used three strategies including scaring the consumers, seducing them and misleading them. They scared the consumers by making them believe that tap water is for sure hazardous to health. Elizabeth Royte in her book, Bottlemania, states a quote by Robert S. Morrison, vice chairman of PepsiCo, The biggest enemy is tap water(Royte 170). So, if tap water is an enemy, which means it can harm the consumers, then what is to drink? The answer was obvious; the only water from pristine springs of Fiji or other pure water sources comes the misleading part. Al most 40% of bottled water is just filtered tap water and this applies to major brands like Aquafina and Dasani (Royte). So, the pictures of pritisine waterfalls and ever green forests is nothing but just a scam. The technique of scaring, seducing and misleading is working really successfully. Bottled water is seen everywhere including schools, offices, stations, airports and hospitals says Jane0t Majeski Jemmot, a Readers Digest writer, in her article, Rethink What You Drink; Growing Thurst. It is indeed a joyous event for bottled water companies because they made impossible, possible just by making environment to pay a heavy price for a natural resource that is technically already free. After bottled water succeeded to gain confidence of consumers, its growth started to mount. Actually Bottled water industry is working on the mechanism of viruses that enter human body unchecked and then they start replicating every minute. People in America consume nine billion gallons of bottled water that sums up to hundreds of millions of dollars says Martin Lewis, an internationally recognized water expert and a critical writer, in his article, Costly Water: Bottled and Sold: The History Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Such a huge consumption of bottled water is not a good news because when bottled water is compared with tap water, barely any difference can be seen. Moreover, tap water has to follow more strict regulations than bottled water when it comes to purity. FDA (The US Food and Drug Administration), that regulates bottled water and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency),that regulates tap water have different rules regarding the contents and quality of bottled water. NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council), an environmental group, provides a data showing the difference between the rules of FDA and EPA in its article, Bottled Water; Pure or Hype? The data shows that testing frequency for bacteria in bottled water and big city tap water is once a week and hundred times a week respectively. It further states that bottled water companies are not required by to have certified operators ,whereas; big city tap water requires certified technician to do the job. Most surprisingly, FDA doesnt give consumer any right of knowing what is in the bottle. On the other hand, big city tap water department is required to let people know what is in the tap water. Catherine Golub, an environmentalist, in her article, Liquid assest; Is Bottled Water Really Better Than Whats on Tap? She states that FDA regulates bottled water as a food product and it receives less federal inspection that tap water, which is controlled by EPA with strict standards. She further discussed the survey of NRDC,a nonprofit consumer group, conducted on 103 brands of bottled water. The results showed that one third exceeded the state limits of contamination with bacteria and chemicals. Also, only 5% of these bottles met the standards of fluoridated/regular water. It turns out that bottled water is no healthier than tap water. Next concern is about the plastic bottle itself. These bottles are made out of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate). According an article, Bottled water may contain hormones: Plastic, by Janet Raloff, this water may also pack a substantial quantity of estrogen-mimicking pollution, according to researchers at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt(3). He discusses an experiment done on snails by Johann Wolfgang Goethe University experts. Two species of snails that were very sensitive to estrogen were placed in plastic and glass water (one in each). The snail in bottled water showed an enormous production of embryos concluding that plastic can leach estrogen into water. Obviously, estrogen can cause genetic changes when males are subjected to it. Even though, bottled water is a small package but it has huge circumstances. Apart from the health issues, bottled water also helps human beings in degrading the environment in the form of global warming, water waste and increase in garbage. Making of these bottles requires a lot of oil (to run the plants). When this oil is burned, it adds to global warming as mentioned in, Water Wars; Bottled or Tap, by Mother Earth News. One can wonder that how much oil is it?. The answer shows a mounting 1.5 million gallons of oilenough to run 100,000 cars for a whole year, while transporting these bottles burns thousands more gallons of oil (Mother Earth News). Moreover, the water used for reverse osmosis of bottled water is a lot more than one showed on the store shelves. It takes 3-9 gallons of water to get 1 gallon of water using purification plants. Apart from purification, a large amount of water is used to cool down and wash the water plants (Royte 140). While many lakes in the US are drying up and people suffer from water shortage, bottled water companies keep on w asting them. Elizabeth Royte, an American author, in her book, Bottlemania says that Lake Superior, Huron, and Michighan which contain 20% of worlds water surface are becoming steep since late 1990s. Nestle pumps 114 billion gallons a year from groundwater that goes to Lake Michigan (201). Last, comes the garbage problem. After a bottle is produced using a lot of water and oil, we drink it in about just 1-2 minutes. In this era of going green, almost everyone is concerned about the recycling of waste and maintaining a clean healthy environment. So, now a question arises that do these bottles fill the criteria of environmental friendly? According to The Story of the Bottled Water, by Anne Lenard, an environmentalist, 80% of the used bottles end up in incinerators, where they burn to produce toxic gases or they are dumped underground, where it takes about 1000 years for them to degrade thus making a healthy land unavailable for a long period of time. The remaining is recycled. Here the term recycle doesnt mean they are recycled immediately after being used. These bottles are shipped all the way to India to get recycled, again using a lot of fuel. The story doesnt end here. In India, ideally these bottles are supposed to be recycled, but unfortunately that is not what happens. These bottles remain there as big heaps of plastic, or they are thrown into someones back yard creating a problem for them. In this course of bottled water production to its disposal, the need is of about 1-2 minutes but the time required for the rest of the course is 1000 times more. Bottled water not only affects health of humans and earth, but also deprives us from money. The ecological foot print is not negligible. The price of bottled water is a lot more than tap water. People in the US are paying up to $2.50 to $ 3.00 per gallon that is even more than that of petrol says Amanda Woods, a journalist and a producer, in her article, The Cost of Bottled Water. On the other hand, the price of tap water in the United States is $1.50 for 1,000 gallons or less than a penny a gallon. So, people are paying 1000 folds for something that is virtually free. This money can be used for other needs. Even though bottled water has its cons, its pros are forcing its booming sale. First of all, it is easy to carry. Its light weight and soft plastic (so it can squeeze into pockets of back packs) makes it convenient to carry when going out. Secondly, it is already filtered water i.e. you dont have to filter water every time you want to drink it. Also, it is light in weight unlike the metallic bottles that can be used to carry water. IBWA (International Bottled Water Association) provides information about the regulations of bottled water. Many bottled water companies have decreased the weight of bottled water to 36.2% according to bottled water reporter section of IBWA. Also, tap water in many areas of the US is contaminated. Tap water has been reported to contain life threatening chemicals such as lead. Mireya Navarro, a New York Times reporter, in her article, Higher Levels of Lead Seen in Tap Water, mentions that elevated levels of lead are reported in New Yorks water. According to Environmental Protection Agency 15 parts per billion of lead in water is considered to be elevated. The amount of lead found in New York city water is reported to be 16 parts per billion. However, the portability is not enough to cover up for all the trouble that bottle water causes to health, wealth and environment. Also, bottled water is not a solution to water problems. The first step to save health, wealth and environment is to try the tap water again. It does take a lot of courage because people are mentally scared from it-thanks to the bottled water companies. Tap water is environment friendly with no economic or environmental problems. Tap water in the US is best for drinking because EPA regulates water to make sure no contaminants get through the tap (Royte 220). Cynthia Dougherty, director of the EPAs Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water says, I wouldnt hesitate to drink tap anywhere in the country (Royte 220). This solves the problem for most of the tap water concerns. Local tap water utilities can be contacted any time to get tap water checked. Also, bottled water costs up to 10,000 times more per gallon than tap water as stated in an article by Mother Earth News, Water Wars: Bottled or Tap?. About the quality of tap water Eric Glodstein, a water specialist from NRDC says, The citys water is nearly pristine(Royte 101). It is easy to find out the quality of tap water. Customers can call the EPAs toll-free safe drinking water Hotline at 800-426-4791, or visit the website for the Campaign for Safe and Affordable Drinking Water can as stated by Jannet Majeksi. Second step is to cut back on bottled water. With the availability of stainless steel bottles, it has become easy to avoid bottled water. These bottles can be used to carry water. Majeski points out that water that comes out of tap is safe. Generally, contaminants in drinking water dont go over the limitations of EPA, but if there are still concerns like chlorine smell or taste then filters can serve the purpose. Elizabeth Royte talks about Brita filters that she uses, in her book, Bottlemania(224). Going back to tap and cutting back on bottled water, are two necessary steps in saving the health of environment. Furthermore, many campaigns are going on in different states of the US against bottled water. Government is also taking part in these campaigns. San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom has banned bottled water usage in the city says Mayor Gavin Newsom issued an executive phasing out the citys bottled water use says Shawn Query, an author, in his article, SAN FRANS BOTTLED WATER BAN. Natural Resources defense Council (NRDC) is an environmental group. Its main motive is to invoke awareness among people about the safe use of natural resources. It provides reports about the quality of tap water in almost every city across the US. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) is another group working for the security of water. It organizes events to help the consumers seek awareness about the quality of bottled water and its effects on environment. This year it is organized a water week 5-11 September. The theme was, The water quality challenge. Other than organizations many public institutes a re also taking steps. For example, college students along with volunteers from Corporate Accountability International, a vigorous group, every summer hold events at public places. In these events, they fill water from different sources and challenge people to drink it. Mostly people cant differentiate between bottled and tap water (Royte 140-141). The problems like health issues and environmental pollution, needs a serious attention by both public and government, and this issue as whole needs to be brought up on a higher level of society, so that everyone will get well-aware of this deception. In order to have that completed, every individual has to stand up by him/her self. Otherwise, in the essence of Spences argument our Blind-minded society will have to suffer one day. Work Cited 1).Bullers , Anne Christiansen. Bottled Water: Better Than the Tap? FDA consumer magazine. July-August. 2010. 6. Nov. 2010. Web 2) Golub, Catherine. Liquid Assets: Is Bottled Water Really Better Than Whats On Tap? (Cover story).Environmental Nutrition 24.9 (2001): 1. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. 3) International Bottled Water association. 4 Nov. 2010. 4) Jemot, Janet Majeski. Bottled Water Vs. Tap Wtaer. Readers Digest.com. 8 Nov. 2010. 5) Leonard, Anne. The Story of Bottled Water. 17 March. 2010. YouTube. 6 Nov. 2010. Web 6) Lewis, Martin W. Costly water: Bottled and Sold: The History Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Issues in Science Technology 27.1 (2010): 85-88. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. 7) McGrath, Tom, and Kate Dailey. LIQUID ASSETS. Mens Health (10544836) 19.2 (2004): 142-149.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. 8) Natural Resources Defense Council. Navarro, Mireya. Higher Levels Of Lead Seen In Tap Water. New York Times 5 Nov. 2010:A28(L). Global Issues In Context. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. 9) Olga, Naidienko. Bottled Water May Be Harmful. Opposing viewpoints: Resources center. Detroit, Greenhaven Press, 2010. Print. 10) Query, Shawn. SAN FRANS BOTTLED WATER BAN. E The Environmental Magazine 18.5 (2007): 24.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Nov. 2010 11) Raloff, Janet. Bottled water may contain hormones: Plastics. Science News. Magazine of the Society for Science and Public, 12 March 2009. Web. 4 Nov. 2010. Royte Elizabeth. Interview with Ira Flatow. Why Americans Are Obsessed With Bottled Water. npr 23 Nov 2010. Web 12) Royte, Elizabeth. Bottlemania. First. New York: Bloomsbury, 2008. Print. 13) Spence, Gerry. Easy in the Harness: The Tyranny of Freedom. From freedom to slavery: the Rebirth of Tyranny in America. New York: St. Martins Griffin, 1989. 51-63. Print. Water Wars: Bottled or Tap?. Mother Earth News 226 (2008): 19. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. 14) Woods, Amanda. The Cost of Bottled Water. Suit101.com 17 Jun. 2009. Web. 3 Nov.2010.

The Role of Religion in Presidential Elections

The Role of Religion in Presidential Elections â€Å"The relationship between faith, reason, and fear sometimes resembles†¦rock, paper, scissors (45). † This is the opening sentence in chapter two of Al Gore’s book, The Assault on Reason. In this chapter Gore talks about how fear takes over reason, reason challenges faith, and eventually faith defeats fear. This is the way that our society worked when he wrote the book, and it has not changed for the better since then, although it has not necessarily gotten substantially worse.Today religion is still a huge player in political debate because people are guided, for the most part, by their morals and it is commonly held that morals come mainly from religious teachings. This is a complex subject because that also opens the door to the idea that atheists, agnostics, etc are not moral people because they are not religious. By that logic, only the religious should be allowed to lead our country because they are the only moral people. Do we believe that all religions are good, though? Are some better than others?Ideally, and under our Constitution, no; all religions are equal in the eyes of our laws. However, there are stigmas attached to certain religions, and to many non-religious people there is a stigma on religion itself. So why, then, does religion play such a large role in political campaigns? It’s simple; because we view religion as having a direct correlation with morals, politicians, political parties, and interest groups can use fear to override our reason in order to sway our opinions. Historically, here in the United States, our citizens have elected white Christian men to the office of the President.To go even further, we have elected Protestant Christians to office. It is apparent that, political parties aside, we have a preference as to what our President should be, religiously. We have only had one Roman Catholic President, John F. Kennedy; during his campaign there were fear s that he would follow the wishes of the Bishop rather than the people. To some degree we still hold these beliefs. If we did not, religion wouldn’t be used as a fear tactic. The colonists who came from England were escaping religious repression, and were the inspiration for our freedom of religion.In modern times, we seem to have lost sight of that. Four years ago, Barack Obama was running for office for the first time. Among many other controversies, i. e. whether he was actually born a U. S. citizen, was the rumor that Obama is a Muslim and not a Christian as he has time and time again identified himself to be. In the United States, where we have the freedom of religion outlined in our Constitution, people were worried that someone of a Muslim background would be able to become the most powerful man in the world.A large part of that fear certainly stems from the attacks on September 11, 2001 but surely there is no legitimate reason to fear Muslims other than the combinatio n of our ignorance of Muslim culture and faith, and the fear that is instilled in us not only by political parties but by non-affiliated extremist groups as well, that say all Muslims are terrorists. Barack Obama went on to win the election, which is not surprising because the public could see right through these shaky scare tactics. However, this has not stopped people from trying to use it in the current election.In a ninety second audio clip taken from a call between a Republican volunteer and a constituent, the volunteer calls Obama a Muslim and says that he wants to take away their Medicare (Dixon, 2012). So even though this tactic has not worked in the past, it doesn’t do much to stop people from trying to spread these rumors again. Between the 2008 election and the upcoming election not much has changed, although in this year’s election the religion card will likely play a larger role in who will win the electorate.Mitt Romney is a Mormon, and while the small ou tcry claiming Obama to be a Muslim was never on firm ground, there is no question of Romney’s religion. This is where we fall back to the days of Kennedy’s campaign. People are worried that Romney will place his religious views before the welfare of our nation. The accusation that people are making is that he is incapable of leading our country because he is a Mormon. Some of the big issues on his plate currently involve women’s rights.As a Mormon, he does not believe in abortion and has made it clear that he would try to pass legislation that sets the beginning of life at conception. While there are certainly non-Mormon people who do not believe in abortion, this is being attributed to his religion. Fifty years ago, or even twenty-five to thirty years ago, this would have been a non-issue. Romney’s beliefs would have been more in line with the more conservative nature of the time period. Needless to say Mitt Romney faces an uphill battle on his quest for the White House.Given all of this information, it would seem very apparent that religion plays a huge role in presidential elections. This is true, but not necessarily in the way that one might think. According to an article in the Huffington Post, most Americans say that it is important for the President to have strong religious beliefs, even if the beliefs differ from their own. This information seems to undermine what the media would have us believe. In addition, constituents tend not to know or be confused about the candidates’ actual religion.Only four in ten citizens could correctly identify Mitt Romney’s religion and forty-six percent of American’s said they did not know (Neroulias, 2011). This goes back to the idea of morals; those who have religion are moral and good, while those who do not cannot be moral and therefore should not lead our country. In the end, politics have not done much to change for the better. We still fear religions that we have no need to fear, and this is largely because fear tactics are used every day by political parties as well as extremists who have the ability to make it into mainstream media.Absolutely anyone can start a rumor that a candidate is Muslim and can’t be trusted, and that could catch like wildfire, or it could be blown off for the most part. It is also exponentially easier to take a candidates religion and a single belief, and then convince the country that he should not be President. Another thing that we see is that citizens place a large emphasis on religion itself, but there is still a large stigma on religions that are not traditional Christian. Until we become collectively more knowledgeable about other religions and debates become more informed, not much could possibly change.References Dixon, M. (2012, September 27). Call from clay county gop:obama is a muslim who'll take away medicare. Retrieved from http://m. jacksonville. com/news/metro/2012-09-27/story/call-clay-county-g op-obama-muslim-wholl-take-away-medicare Gore, A. (2007). The assault on reason. (p. 45). New York, NY: Penguin Group. Neroulias, N. (2011, September 24). How religious identity is influencing the presidential election. Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2011/07/25/presidential-candidates-religious-beliefs_n_908858. html

Bombardier Case Preparation Essay

Bombardier is a successful company in the transportation industry. Bombardier has two divisions; The Aerospace and Transportation divisions. Bombardier Aerospace is the third largest designer and manufacturer of commercial aircraft in the world, and one of the leading producers of regional aircraft. The company encountered some challenges because of the company’s growth strategy by acquisition. The main problem was communication problems among systems which were different for each acquired company because Bombardier Aerospace became a â€Å"textbook silo organization† after acquiring with other companies. Addition to this problem, low visibility of inventory and lack of integration between its legacy systems was also important problem to the company. Symptoms of the problem were process delays, sequential activities, low inventory turns, supplier proliferation and price inconsistency, and multiple Bills of Material (BOM). The company found a solution for this problem that changing Bombardier Manufacturing System (BMS) which was the group of IT applications to support manufacturing activities to an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.  · First ERP Implementation: After $130million spent, first ERP implementation discontinued mid-project in 2000. Failure of this attempt: †¢Focusing the implementation on inappropriate business processes †¢An outdated company vision †¢A weak sponsorship model †¢Insufficient involvement of internal employees. †¢Employing too many consultants who having a limited knowledge of the business to assist in the project.  · Second ERP Implementation (BMIS) Project: In 2001, a group of senior managers authored a project for the BMIS in order to establish a new integrated manufacturing system. BMIS was the first project to realize a wider ERP strategy and a vision of an integrated organization, one company. It would support Bombardier Aerospace’s operations; would focus on the processes that supporting manufacturing, procurement, finance and the engineering data to support these processes. Issues encountered by Training: †¢ Lack of process documentation or system functionality for trainers †¢3rd party consultants prepared training material †¢Lack of user friendly, understandable training materials †¢Lack of information to employees about necessity of training †¢Lack of focusing on the roles (e-learning module) †¢Incomplete and somewhat wrong data for training †¢Lack of explanation of the wider role & consequences of BMIS. †¢Shorter training time than what was planned Issues encountered after Go Live: †¢Three weeks shutdown to implement new system †¢Lack of knowledge of user’s new responsibilities and roles †¢Blaming new system when encountered problem didn’t solve in a short period of time by support staff †¢Availability of old system (some managers encouraged employees to use old system) †¢Lack of implementing General Ledger †¢Not using reporting functionality by managers BMIS was delivered on time and below budget. After Go Live some issues considered and inadequate areas improved: †¢Initial training supported with additional courses and training material. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Day in the Life† training documents developed by management team and these documents improved user’s attitude toward the system.  · Saint Laurent Implementation: After second implementation â€Å"Mirabel† project, some of the issues were solved and improved. †¢The important of user preparation was well recognized. †¢Managers of the Saint-Laurel plant were convinced to own this project. †¢Everybody in the organization got informed about every phase and details of the project. †¢Communication among employees and management for the project got better. †¢Users understood the changes introduced by the new processes. †¢Attendance for the training became priority. †¢Users informed about their roles and responsibilities before deploying the new system. Recommendation: Bombardier needs to apply the best ERP implementation practices which includes; †¢Understanding of the project by management and users: Bombardier did it on Saint-Laurel project. †¢Planning project: Bombardier made schedule for all project and applied on their project. †¢Training: Giving training to users before implementing the new system, and continuing training after implementation to make users to understand new system well. †¢Utilize mapping data techniques and conduct pilot runs and testing simulations: Bombardiers implemented ERP system on one site at the time.

How Has The Constitution Shaped The Economic System

How has the Constitution shaped the economic system in the United States? The Unites States Constitution was created in 1787, and is the supreme law of this nation. It is the backbone on which laws to follow and how we live today. There are six characteristics of a market economy. Which as follows; Private property, Freedom of enterprise and choice, Motive of self-interest, competition, markets and prices and limited role of government. One of the first economic concepts is â€Å"Freedom of Enterprise and Choice†. Which is stating that Americans can choose how they want to use their own resources to create products and sell their products. It also states that workers are free to have a job they are qualified for, as well as buyers having the right the purchase any product of their choice. Today, this right is still protected under the US Constitution excluding any laws that deter businesses from doing any harm to the public with the use of their products. 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